OZONY CAMEL Therapy
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Camelpox is a disease of camels caused by a virus of the family Poxviridae, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae, and the genus Orthopoxvirus. It causes skin lesions and a generalized
infection. Approximately 25% of young camels that become infected will die from
the disease, while infection in older camels is generally more mild. Although rare, the infection may spread to
the hands of those that work closely with camels.
Camelpox is endemic throughout the Middle East, Africa, and Asia.
Camelpox virus (CMLV) causes a smallpox-like illness in a unique host, the camel. The disease is enzootic in almost all regions where camel husbandry is practiced, and is responsible for severe economic losses. Although it is genetically the closest known virus to variola virus, the etiologic agent of smallpox, CMLV remains poorly studied. It is characterized by a narrow host range, the capacity to induce giant cells in culture and to counteract host immune defenses; however, the genetic bases associated with these features are not understood. Also, it still needs to be demonstrated whether CMLV strains of variable virulence circulate and how arthropod vectors might be involved in virus transmission. Current evidence indicates that, under certain circumstances, CMLV can be mildly pathogenic in humans. A reservoir host other than camels is unlikely to exist. We review here current knowledge of CMLV, including clinical and laboratory aspects of the disease. We also discuss prevention and therapy by use of vaccines and antiviral treatments, as well as the possibility of camelpox eradication. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Camelpox is endemic throughout the Middle East, Africa, and Asia.
Camelpox virus (CMLV) causes a smallpox-like illness in a unique host, the camel. The disease is enzootic in almost all regions where camel husbandry is practiced, and is responsible for severe economic losses. Although it is genetically the closest known virus to variola virus, the etiologic agent of smallpox, CMLV remains poorly studied. It is characterized by a narrow host range, the capacity to induce giant cells in culture and to counteract host immune defenses; however, the genetic bases associated with these features are not understood. Also, it still needs to be demonstrated whether CMLV strains of variable virulence circulate and how arthropod vectors might be involved in virus transmission. Current evidence indicates that, under certain circumstances, CMLV can be mildly pathogenic in humans. A reservoir host other than camels is unlikely to exist. We review here current knowledge of CMLV, including clinical and laboratory aspects of the disease. We also discuss prevention and therapy by use of vaccines and antiviral treatments, as well as the possibility of camelpox eradication. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Camels being ozoned with the Ozony Blanket
Describe the etiology, pathogenesis, treatment and control of camel pox
Camel pox is one of the
most important viral diseases in East Africa and parts of South Asia. It is
caused by Orthopox cameli. Its
outbreaks mostly occur during early to middle periods of the rainy season. The
disease is highly contagious, from one animal to another, but scabs,
contaminated tools, cloth, grazing areas and human beings also serve as
fomites. Camel pox is reported most often in young and immature camels.
Recovered animals show a stable and lifelong immunity, but there is no cross
protection with other types of pox virus, including contagious ecthyma being
clinically similar. The main clinical symptoms are characteristic skin lesions,
papules appear around nostrils and lips. These papules later on take the form
of vesicles, which eventually rupture. There is fever and anorexia; mandibular
lymph nodes are often enlarged. Facial oedema is quite common at this stage. The
localized form of pox disappears in about 3 weeks. Clinical symptoms of
generalized form are more severe. Affected animals show high temperature,
severe depression and anorexia. Vesicles develop all over the body. The pox
scabs become covered with a thick brown crust after some time. Severe secondary
infections are common. Septicaemia, reduced feed intake and resultant general
weakness can precipitate death of these animals.
In dry climates the disease cures itself. In wetter areas, the disease can be severe. Mortality in calves and immature camels is very high, especially under poor management conditions, but the effects of morbidity may be equally important because they cause heavy production losses, particularly in weight gain. Some traditional owners use a vaccine made from the mild form to prevent further spread of the disease. They take scabs from animals with low levels of infection and insert them in a wound (skin scarification) they make on the animal, which is to be protected from the disease. The Lister strain of vaccinia virus applied by skin scarification has been successfully used to control a severe outbreak in Bahrain. Along with a vaccination programme, improved management strategies could diminish the prevalence of the diseases. Further education of herd owners about the etiology of camel pox, strict separation of diseased and healthy young camels, improved health care including long acting antibiotics, improved hygiene and general supportive treatment will decrease the harmful effects of camel pox (Schwartz and Dioli, 1992).
Bakhat Baidar Khan, Arshad lqbal and Muhammad Riaz ; University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
In dry climates the disease cures itself. In wetter areas, the disease can be severe. Mortality in calves and immature camels is very high, especially under poor management conditions, but the effects of morbidity may be equally important because they cause heavy production losses, particularly in weight gain. Some traditional owners use a vaccine made from the mild form to prevent further spread of the disease. They take scabs from animals with low levels of infection and insert them in a wound (skin scarification) they make on the animal, which is to be protected from the disease. The Lister strain of vaccinia virus applied by skin scarification has been successfully used to control a severe outbreak in Bahrain. Along with a vaccination programme, improved management strategies could diminish the prevalence of the diseases. Further education of herd owners about the etiology of camel pox, strict separation of diseased and healthy young camels, improved health care including long acting antibiotics, improved hygiene and general supportive treatment will decrease the harmful effects of camel pox (Schwartz and Dioli, 1992).
Bakhat Baidar Khan, Arshad lqbal and Muhammad Riaz ; University of Agriculture, Faisalabad
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